Designing For Accessibility
Accessible Web Design Experience
We have extensive experience of designing websites to International standards
of Accessibility having created accessible websites for clients including The University
of Central England, Learner Support and Birmingham Universities Personal
Assistance Scheme - a project run by the three Birmingham Universities.
Below are 3 websites we have developed that meet the Web Content
Accessibility Guidelines published by the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C)
and many other standards such as 'Bobby Approved', HTML, 'LYNX inspected' (text only browser),
etc
What are accessible websites?
For a website to be accessible, its content must be available to everyone, including
people with disabilities. It should be presented in a clear and simple manner and
should provide understandable mechanisms to navigate within and between pages. Information
should be in plain English, unambiguous, clearly laid out, using bullet points and
spacing. The facility to change font colour, size and background should also be
available for people who are dyslexic or partially sighted.
Designing accessible websites is about removing obstacles to tools that a disabled
person is using, to access web based information. For example, people with very
little or no vision, read web pages with the help of access technology installed
on their computer. Designing with accessibility in mind will mean synthesised speech
software can read the content of web pages correctly and offer additional features
to the user.
Why bother to make websites accessible?
- Half of all people with disabilities report that the Internet has significantly
improved their quality of life, according to a recent Harris poll - we all have
a moral obligation
- There are 8.7 million registered disabled people in the UK
- of these over 2 million have a visual impairment;
- eight million people suffer from some form of hearing loss;
- one million people have a form of learning difficulty;
- over seven million people have literacy problems;
- Legal Obligations - under section 21 of the Disability Discrimination
Act 'to make reasonable adjustments to ensure blind and partially sighted people
can access your service', also SENDA;
- Good business sense - there are 2 million blind and partially sighted people in
the UK and according to Government figures the UK's disabled population has an estimated
spending power of £45 billion per year;
- Positive image and publicity of organisation;
- To protect organisations from litigation and unfavourable publicity - the Sydney
Olympics website was successfully sued for being inaccessible, as was AOL and the
RNID revealed that most major retailers and Bank's websites have accessibility problems.
Removing barriers to accessibility in websites
- Screen readers enable users to hear, rather than visually read, the contents of
a web page<; however, a screen reader can read only text, not images or animations.
Therefore, images and animations should be assigned purposeful text descriptions
that screen readers can read so that the web page makes sense;
- Ensuring sufficient colour contrast between the text and background and that colour
alone is not used to convey information. If you are colour blind what good is 'click
the red button'?;
- Links should accurately describe their destination and make sense on their own.
Sighted people can scan a page for links. People using assistive technology can
scan by listing all the links - but what good is click here?;
- Some people can't use a mouse but can use a keyboard. Many menu systems won't work
with a keyboard alone (usually drop down type menu systems) require a mouse;
- People who are deaf or hard of hearing require visual representations of auditory
information. Solutions for these disabilities include closed captioning, and transcripts
of spoken audio;
- PDF documents are unreadable by assistive technologies, unless information is given
about how to translate PDF into an accessible format (http://access.adobe.com/);
- Sighted internet users can scan a page, gloss over repeated information like navigation
menu or logo etc. and just concentrate on the main content of the page. People with
little or no vision cannot scan over a page in the same way, unless there is provision
to scan over repeating elements such as navigation systems. Can you imagine how
frustrating it would be to have to listen to every menu item on every page you visited
before you could get to the main text?;
- The text size should be able to be increased in size by the user - if the text is
too small to be read, and it can't be increased - what use is the website?;
- The omission of a text based website map will prevent users from getting an overall
impression of your website quickly;
- People with cognitive or learning difficulties, such as dyslexia and short-term
memory loss, need more general solutions, which include providing a consistent design
and simplified language - some websites are designed with inconsistent layouts throughout;
- Visually the layout of a webpage may make sense to non-disabled people. However
to assistive technology it is read in the order the programming code appears, which
can be vastly different to the visual order. It may take a while to get to the main
content as well and items may appear in an order that doesn't make sense.
Access Technology
Having a disability or impairment does not necessarily mean that special adaptations
are required for people's computers to enable them to access websites. However,
some people will benefit from adaptations such as access technology or special techniques
to facilitate the reading and navigating of website content, for example, people
with:
- Blindness or partial sight;
- Deafness or partial hearing
- Limited use of limbs
- cognitive difficulties
The key factor is to produce well designed, accessible websites.
Examples of adaptive software and hardware which can provide improved access to
websites for disabled people include:
- Screen reading software used by blind people. This software reads the content in
a synthesised 'voice' and enables the user to navigate and 'hear' a website via
touch-typing;
- Screen magnification software may be useful to someone with partial sight to enlarge
or decrease the font size as required;
- Computer mouse designs that are easier to hold and manipulate for people with a
hand tremor or arthritis; a foot-controlled mouse; a pointing device operated by
head movements.
Microsoft Windows possess in-built adaptations to enable those with less severe
disability to control their medium according to their need, eg: Text sizes, fonts
and screen colours can all be manipulated via the control panel. Additional features
such as "sticky keys", which ensure only one key press is registered if the same
key is hit several times in succession, help people with conditions that cause hand
tremor to use the computer more easily.
Accessible W3CAAA Web Design - More information